The resilience of many cities may be compromised by a combination of climate changes affecting the frequency and intensity of extreme events. These extreme events include flooding and droughts, coupled with other global change drivers such as land use change, pollution, fragmentation of natural systems and overexploitation of resources. Non-climatic factors include population growth and consequently urban sprawl, high water distributional losses, low billing collection, overstaffing, and under recovery of costs, among others. The institutional frameworks for building resilience in many cities are yet to be effectively implemented as there is vast political interference in service provision and regulation, as well as obstacles to effectively undertake public private partnerships to meet increasing demand for energy and water in the cities (Dominguez Torres, 2012; Niang et al., 2014; Satterthwaite et al., 2016; Elmqvist et al., 2018).
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